是由機械、拖(tuo)動回路、電(dian)氣控(kong)制部分(fen)組(zu)成。拖(tuo)動系(xi)(xi)統也(ye)可以屬于電(dian)氣系(xi)(xi)統，因而(er)電(dian)梯的(de)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)可以分(fen)為機械故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)和電(dian)氣故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)。遇(yu)到故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)時首先(xian)應確定故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)屬于哪個系(xi)(xi)統，是機械系(xi)(xi)統還是電(dian)氣系(xi)(xi)統，然后再(zai)(zai)確定故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)是屬于哪個系(xi)(xi)統的(de)哪一(yi)部分(fen)，接著再(zai)(zai)判斷(duan)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)出自(zi)于哪個元(yuan)件或哪個動作部件的(de)觸點上。

　　怎樣判斷故(gu)障出自(zi)哪個系統?普遍(bian)采用的(de)(de)(de)方法是(shi)：首(shou)先(xian)置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)于(yu)(yu)“檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)”工作狀態(tai)，在(zai)轎廂(xiang)平(ping)層位置(在(zai)機房(fang)、轎頂或(huo)轎廂(xiang)操作)點(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)慢(man)上或(huo)慢(man)下(xia)來(lai)確定。為確保(bao)安全，首(shou)先(xian)要(yao)(yao)確認所(suo)有(you)廳門必須全部關好并在(zai)檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)運(yun)行(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)得再打開!因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)在(zai)檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)狀態(tai)下(xia)上行(xing)或(huo)下(xia)行(xing)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)是(shi)簡單的(de)(de)(de)點(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，按(an)鈕(niu)按(an)下(xia)多(duo)長時(shi)間(jian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)運(yun)行(xing)多(duo)長時(shi)間(jian)，不(bu)按(an)按(an)鈕(niu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)不(bu)會動(dong)(dong)(dong)作，需要(yao)(yao)運(yun)行(xing)多(duo)少距離可(ke)隨意控制，速度又很慢(man)，轎廂(xiang)運(yun)行(xing)速度小于(yu)(yu)0.63m/s，所(suo)以較安全，便于(yu)(yu)檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)人員操作和查找故(gu)障所(suo)屬(shu)部位，這(zhe)是(shi)專(zhuan)為檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)人員設(she)置的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)功能(neng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)回(hui)路(lu)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)其他中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)控制環節，它直接控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)拖(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)系統，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)在(zai)檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)運(yun)行(xing)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)人員可(ke)細(xi)微(wei)觀察有(you)無異常(chang)聲音、異常(chang)氣味(wei)，某些指示信號是(shi)否正常(chang)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)點(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)運(yun)行(xing)只要(yao)(yao)正常(chang)，就(jiu)可(ke)以確認：主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)機械系統沒(mei)(mei)問題(ti)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣系統中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)拖(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)回(hui)路(lu)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)問題(ti)，故(gu)障就(jiu)出自(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣系統的(de)(de)(de)控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。反之不(bu)能(neng)點(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)運(yun)行(xing)，故(gu)障就(jiu)出自(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)機械系統或(huo)主(zhu)拖(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)。

　　一、主拖(tuo)動系統故障及形成原因

　　點動運行(xing)中(zhong)如果確(que)認主拖動電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)有故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，即主回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)有故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，你(ni)就可以(yi)(yi)從構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)主回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)的(de)各(ge)個(ge)環節去分(fen)析故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)所在(zai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)位(wei)(wei)。任(ren)何一個(ge)電(dian)(dian)機的(de)交(jiao)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)，包括(kuo)各(ge)種功能的(de)控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，都(dou)必須(xu)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)或直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動的(de)閉合回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)在(zai)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)任(ren)何一個(ge)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)位(wei)(wei)被阻斷或分(fen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，都(dou)可以(yi)(yi)造成(cheng)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)被阻斷的(de)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)位(wei)(wei)就是故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)所在(zai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)位(wei)(wei)，當然應首先確(que)認供(gong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)源本(ben)身正常，否則無電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)或電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)大(da)小(xiao)不(bu)合適，這也(ye)是不(bu)同時期(qi)容(rong)易出現故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)的(de)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)位(wei)(wei)之(zhi)一。構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)任(ren)何電(dian)(dian)梯主回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)的(de)基本(ben)環節大(da)致相(xiang)(xiang)同：從供(gong)電(dian)(dian)三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)源出發經空氣開關、上(shang)行(xing)或下行(xing)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)接觸器(qi)(qi)、調速(su)器(qi)(qi)、運行(xing)接觸器(qi)(qi)、熱繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)、到電(dian)(dian)機三相(xiang)(xiang)繞組構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)三相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)。對不(bu)同類型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)梯調速(su)方法不(bu)同，調速(su)器(qi)(qi)的(de)型(xing)(xing)式也(ye)不(bu)同，不(bu)外(wai)乎是變頻調速(su)、交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)調壓(ya)調速(su)、直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)調壓(ya)調速(su)或軟起動器(qi)(qi)，當然配套的(de)電(dian)(dian)動機也(ye)不(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同。主回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)也(ye)是電(dian)(dian)梯常見故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)和和重要(yao)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)。

　　因為主(zhu)拖動系統是(shi)(shi)間斷(duan)不連續的經常(chang)動作，因而(er)電(dian)梯運(yun)行(xing)幾年(nian)后(hou)，接(jie)觸(chu)器觸(chu)點常(chang)有(you)氧(yang)化(hua)、觸(chu)點彈片疲勞、接(jie)觸(chu)不良、接(jie)點脫落、逆變模塊及可控(kong)硅熱擊穿或燒(shao)斷(duan)、電(dian)機軸承磨壞等故(gu)障(zhang)。這是(shi)(shi)快速找故(gu)障(zhang)的思路(lu)之一，因為任何機械動作部(bu)件(jian)(jian)都是(shi)(shi)有(you)一定壽命的，如(ru)繼電(dian)器、接(jie)觸(chu)器、微動開關，行(xing)程開關，按鈕等元件(jian)(jian)，還有(you)經常(chang)運(yun)行(xing)的部(bu)件(jian)(jian)，比如(ru)轎(jiao)廂的隨行(xing)電(dian)纜，經常(chang)彎曲動作，就存在有(you)斷(duan)線故(gu)障(zhang)的可能。

　　二(er)、機(ji)械系統(tong)故障及形成基(ji)本原因

　　1、連接(jie)件松脫引起的(de)故障

　　電梯在(zai)長期不(bu)間斷運(yun)行過程(cheng)中，由于震動等(deng)原(yuan)因而造成(cheng)緊固件松(song)動或松(song)脫(tuo)，使機械發生位移、脫(tuo)落或失去原(yuan)有精度(du)，從(cong)而造成(cheng)磨損，碰(peng)壞電梯機件而造成(cheng)故(gu)障。

　　2、自然磨(mo)損引起的(de)故障

　　機械部(bu)件(jian)在運(yun)轉(zhuan)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，必(bi)然會產生磨損(sun)(sun)，磨損(sun)(sun)到一(yi)定(ding)程(cheng)度(du)(du)必(bi)須(xu)更(geng)換(huan)新(xin)的(de)(de)部(bu)件(jian)，所(suo)以電(dian)梯必(bi)須(xu)在運(yun)行(xing)一(yi)定(ding)時(shi)期(qi)后進行(xing)大檢修，提前更(geng)換(huan)一(yi)些(xie)易損(sun)(sun)件(jian)，不(bu)能等(deng)出了故(gu)(gu)障再更(geng)新(xin)，那樣就會造(zao)(zao)成事(shi)故(gu)(gu)或(huo)不(bu)必(bi)要(yao)的(de)(de)經濟損(sun)(sun)失(shi)。平時(shi)日常(chang)維修中(zhong)只要(yao)及(ji)時(shi)地(di)調整、保(bao)養，電(dian)梯才能正常(chang)運(yun)行(xing)。如(ru)果不(bu)能及(ji)時(shi)發現(xian)滑動、滾(gun)動運(yun)轉(zhuan)部(bu)件(jian)的(de)(de)磨損(sun)(sun)情況并加以調整就會加速(su)機械的(de)(de)磨損(sun)(sun)，從而造(zao)(zao)成機械磨損(sun)(sun)報廢，造(zao)(zao)成事(shi)故(gu)(gu)或(huo)故(gu)(gu)障。如(ru)鋼絲繩磨損(sun)(sun)到一(yi)定(ding)程(cheng)度(du)(du)必(bi)須(xu)及(ji)時(shi)更(geng)換(huan)，否則會造(zao)(zao)成大的(de)(de)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)，各(ge)種運(yun)轉(zhuan)軸承等(deng)都是(shi)易磨損(sun)(sun)件(jian)必(bi)須(xu)定(ding)期(qi)更(geng)換(huan)。

　　3、潤滑系(xi)統引起的故障

　　潤(run)(run)滑的作用(yong)是減少(shao)摩擦力(li)、減少(shao)磨損，延長機(ji)(ji)械壽命，同時還起(qi)到冷卻、防銹、減震、緩沖等作用(yong)。若潤(run)(run)滑油(you)太少(shao)，質量差，品種不對號(hao)或(huo)潤(run)(run)滑不當，會造成機(ji)(ji)械部分的過(guo)熱、燒(shao)傷、抱軸或(huo)損壞。

　　4、機械疲(pi)勞造成的故(gu)障

　　某(mou)些機械部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件經(jing)常(chang)不斷地長(chang)時(shi)間(jian)受(shou)(shou)到(dao)(dao)彎曲(qu)、剪切等應(ying)力(li)，會產(chan)生(sheng)機械疲(pi)勞現象，機械強度(du)塑性減(jian)小。某(mou)些零部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件受(shou)(shou)力(li)超(chao)過強度(du)極限，產(chan)生(sheng)斷裂(lie)，造成(cheng)機械事故(gu)或故(gu)障(zhang)。如鋼絲繩(sheng)長(chang)時(shi)間(jian)受(shou)(shou)到(dao)(dao)拉應(ying)力(li)，又受(shou)(shou)到(dao)(dao)彎曲(qu)應(ying)力(li)，又有磨損產(chan)生(sheng)，更(geng)嚴重時(shi)受(shou)(shou)力(li)不均(jun)，某(mou)股繩(sheng)可能受(shou)(shou)力(li)過大(da)首先斷繩(sheng)，增加了其余股繩(sheng)的受(shou)(shou)力(li)，造成(cheng)連鎖反應(ying)，全部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷繩(sheng)，可能發(fa)生(sheng)重大(da)事故(gu)。 從(cong)上面(mian)分析(xi)可知，只要日常(chang)做好(hao)維護保養(yang)工作(zuo)，定期潤滑有關(guan)(guan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件及(ji)檢查有關(guan)(guan)緊固件情況，調整機件的工作(zuo)間(jian)隙，就可以大(da)大(da)減(jian)少機械系統的故(gu)障(zhang)。

　　三、電氣控制系統(tong)的故(gu)障及形成原因(yin)

　　1、自動開(kai)關門(men)機構及門(men)聯鎖電(dian)路的故(gu)障

　　因為關好所有廳、轎門是(shi)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)運行的首(shou)要條件，門聯鎖系統一旦出(chu)現(xian)故障電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)就不(bu)能運行。這類(lei)故障多是(shi)由包括(kuo)自(zi)動(dong)門鎖在內的各種電(dian)(dian)氣元(yuan)件觸點不(bu)良或調整不(bu)當造成的。

　　2、電(dian)氣元(yuan)件絕(jue)緣(yuan)引起的(de)故障(zhang)

　　電子電氣(qi)元件(jian)絕緣(yuan)在(zai)長期運(yun)行后總會(hui)由老化、失效(xiao)、受潮或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)其他(ta)原(yuan)因引起絕緣(yuan)擊穿，造成電氣(qi)系統的斷路或(huo)(huo)短(duan)路引起電梯故障(zhang)。

　　3、繼電器(qi)、接觸器(qi)、開關(guan)等(deng)元件觸點斷(duan)路或短路引起的故障

　　由繼電(dian)器(qi)(qi)、接觸(chu)器(qi)(qi)構成(cheng)的控(kong)制電(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)，其故障多發生在繼電(dian)器(qi)(qi)的觸(chu)點上，如(ru)果(guo)觸(chu)點通過大電(dian)流(liu)或(huo)(huo)被(bei)電(dian)弧燒蝕，觸(chu)點被(bei)粘連就會(hui)造成(cheng)短路(lu)(lu).如(ru)果(guo)觸(chu)點被(bei)塵埃(ai)阻斷(duan)(duan)或(huo)(huo)觸(chu)點的簧片失(shi)去(qu)彈性就會(hui)造成(cheng)斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)，觸(chu)點的斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)或(huo)(huo)短路(lu)(lu)都會(hui)使(shi)電(dian)梯的控(kong)制環節電(dian)路(lu)(lu)失(shi)效，使(shi)電(dian)梯出(chu)現故障.

　　4、電(dian)磁干擾引起(qi)的故障

　　隨著計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)技術的(de)(de)(de)迅猛發展(zhan)，特別是成本大(da)大(da)降低的(de)(de)(de)微型計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)廣(guang)泛(fan)應(ying)用到(dao)電梯(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制部分(fen)，甚至采(cai)用多微機(ji)控(kong)制以及(ji)串行通(tong)訊傳輸呼梯(ti)(ti)信號等，驅動(dong)部分(fen)采(cai)用變頻變壓(VVVF)調速(su)系(xi)統(tong)已經成為(wei)電梯(ti)(ti)流行的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準設計(ji).近幾年來(lai)(lai)變頻門機(ji)也成為(wei)時尚，取代(dai)原(yuan)來(lai)(lai)用電阻調速(su)的(de)(de)(de)直流門機(ji)。微機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)泛(fan)應(ying)用對其構成的(de)(de)(de)電梯(ti)(ti)控(kong)制系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠性(xing)要求越(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)高，主(zhu)要是抗干擾(rao)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠性(xing)。電梯(ti)(ti)運行中遇(yu)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)各種干擾(rao)，主(zhu)要外(wai)部因素有：溫度、濕度、灰塵(chen)、振動(dong)、沖(chong)擊、電源電壓、電流、頻率的(de)(de)(de)波動(dong)，逆變器(qi)自身產生的(de)(de)(de)高頻干擾(rao)，操作人員的(de)(de)(de)失誤及(ji)負(fu)載的(de)(de)(de)變化等。在這些(xie)干擾(rao)的(de)(de)(de)作用下(xia)，電梯(ti)(ti)會(hui)產生錯誤和故障，電梯(ti)(ti)電磁(ci)干擾(rao)主(zhu)要有以下(xia)三種形式：

　　(1)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)噪聲：它主(zhu)要是從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)進線(包括(kuo)地(di)線)侵入(ru)系統。特別是當系統與(yu)其它經常變動(dong)的(de)大負載共(gong)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)時(shi)會產生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)噪聲干擾(rao)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)引線較長時(shi)，傳(chuan)輸過(guo)程發生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)壓降，感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)也會產生(sheng)(sheng)噪聲干擾(rao)，影響系統的(de)正常工(gong)作，電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)噪聲會造成微(wei)機丟失一部(bu)分(fen)或大部(bu)分(fen)信息，產生(sheng)(sheng)錯誤或誤動(dong)作。

　　(2)從(cong)輸(shu)入(ru)線(xian)侵(qin)入(ru)的(de)噪聲(sheng)。當輸(shu)入(ru)線(xian)與(yu)自身(shen)系統或其他系統存在(zai)著公共(gong)地線(xian)時(shi)，就會(hui)侵(qin)入(ru)此(ci)噪聲(sheng)，有時(shi)既(ji)使采用隔離措施，仍然會(hui)受到(dao)與(yu)輸(shu)入(ru)線(xian)相耦(ou)合(he)的(de)電磁感應的(de)影響，如(ru)果輸(shu)入(ru)信號很(hen)微(wei)小時(shi)，極易使系統產生差(cha)錯和誤動作。

　　(3)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)噪聲：它(ta)是(shi)由摩(mo)擦所引起的，摩(mo)擦產生的靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)，是(shi)很(hen)微小的但(dan)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓可(ke)(ke)高達數萬伏。IEEE可(ke)(ke)靠性物(wu)理討論會提供的材(cai)料表明，在毛毯上行走(zou)的人帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)(ke)達39KV，在工(gong)作臺旁工(gong)作的人帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)也可(ke)(ke)達3KV，因此(ci)要有高電(dian)(dian)(dian)位的人接觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)腦(nao)板時，人體上的電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)向系統(tong)(tong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，急劇(ju)的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流造成噪聲，影響系統(tong)(tong)工(gong)作，甚至會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)子元器件的損壞。

　　針(zhen)對以上的狀況必須采用防(fang)干擾(rao)措施(shi)，防(fang)干擾(rao)措施(shi)自身也應該正確可靠，否則(ze)會產(chan)生電梯的故障。

　　(4)電(dian)氣電(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)損(sun)壞或位(wei)置(zhi)調整不當引起(qi)的(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)：電(dian)梯的(de)(de)電(dian)氣系(xi)統，特別(bie)是(shi)控(kong)制電(dian)路(lu)，結構(gou)復(fu)雜，一旦(dan)發生(sheng)事故(gu)(gu)，要(yao)迅(xun)速(su)排除故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)，單(dan)憑經驗還是(shi)不夠的(de)(de)，這(zhe)就要(yao)求維修人員必(bi)須(xu)掌握電(dian)氣控(kong)制電(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)工作原理及控(kong)制環節的(de)(de)工作過程，明確各(ge)個電(dian)氣電(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)器件(jian)(jian)之間的(de)(de)相互關(guan)系(xi)及其作用，了解各(ge)電(dian)氣元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)安裝位(wei)置(zhi)，只有(you)這(zhe)樣，才能準(zhun)確地判(pan)斷(duan)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)的(de)(de)發生(sheng)點，并迅(xun)速(su)予(yu)以(yi)(yi)排除。在這(zhe)個基礎上若把別(bie)人和(he)自己(ji)的(de)(de)實際(ji)工作經驗加以(yi)(yi)總結和(he)應用，對迅(xun)速(su)排除故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)，減(jian)少損(sun)失(shi)會(hui)有(you)益的(de)(de)，因(yin)為某些運行中出現的(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)還是(shi)有(you)規(gui)律的(de)(de)。

　　四、 電氣(qi)故(gu)障查找方法：

　　當(dang)電梯控制電路發生故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)時，首先要問(wen)、看(kan)、聽、聞，做(zuo)到心中有(you)數，所謂(wei)(wei)(wei)問(wen)，就是詢(xun)問(wen)操作(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)或報(bao)告故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)的(de)人(ren)員(yuan)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)發生時的(de)現象情況，查詢(xun)在故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)發生前有(you)否(fou)作(zuo)(zuo)過任何(he)調(diao)整或更換元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo);所謂(wei)(wei)(wei)看(kan)，就是觀(guan)(guan)察(cha)每(mei)一個零件(jian)(jian)(jian)是否(fou)正(zheng)常工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，看(kan)控制電路的(de)各種信號指(zhi)示(shi)是否(fou)正(zheng)確，看(kan)電氣(qi)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)外觀(guan)(guan)顏色是否(fou)改變(bian)等;所謂(wei)(wei)(wei)聽，就是聽電路工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)時是否(fou)有(you)異聲;所謂(wei)(wei)(wei)聞，聞電路元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)是否(fou)有(you)異常氣(qi)味。在完成上述工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)后，便(bian)可采用下(xia)列(lie)方法查找電氣(qi)控制電路的(de)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)。

　　1、序檢查法：

　　電(dian)(dian)梯是按一定程序運(yun)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)，每次運(yun)行(xing)(xing)都(dou)要經過(guo)選(xuan)層(ceng)、定向、關門、啟動、運(yun)行(xing)(xing)、換速、平(ping)層(ceng)、開門的(de)(de)循環(huan)過(guo)程，其中每一步稱作(zuo)(zuo)一個工作(zuo)(zuo)環(huan)節，實現(xian)每一個工作(zuo)(zuo)環(huan)節，都(dou)有(you)一個獨立的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)。程序檢查(cha)法(fa)就是確認故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)具體出現(xian)在(zai)哪(na)個控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)環(huan)節上(shang)，這(zhe)樣排除故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)的(de)(de)方向就明確了，有(you)了針對(dui)性對(dui)排除故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)很重(zhong)要。這(zhe)種方法(fa)不僅適用于有(you)觸點的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)氣控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)，也適用于無觸點控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)，如PC控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)或單(dan)片機控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)。

　　2、靜態電阻測量法：

　　靜態電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)法(fa)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)在斷電(dian)(dian)情(qing)況下，用萬用表電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)檔測(ce)量電(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)阻(zu)值(zhi)是(shi)否正常，因(yin)為任(ren)何一個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)子元件(jian)都是(shi)一個(ge)(ge)PN結構成的(de)，它的(de)正反向電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)，任(ren)何一個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)氣元件(jian)也(ye)都是(shi)有一定阻(zu)值(zhi)，連接著電(dian)(dian)氣元件(jian)的(de)線路(lu)或開關(guan)，電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)等于零就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)無(wu)窮大，因(yin)而(er)測(ce)量他們(men)的(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)大小是(shi)否符(fu)合規定要(yao)求就(jiu)(jiu)可以判斷好壞。檢查一個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)路(lu)好壞有無(wu)故障也(ye)可用這個(ge)(ge)方法(fa)，而(er)且比較安全。

　　3、電位測(ce)量法：

　　上(shang)述方(fang)法(fa)無(wu)法(fa)確定(ding)故障(zhang)部位(wei)時，可在通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況(kuang)下進行測(ce)量(liang)各(ge)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子或(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣元器件的(de)(de)兩端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)，因為(wei)在正常工作(zuo)情況(kuang)下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流閉環電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)上(shang)各(ge)點電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)是(shi)(shi)一定(ding)的(de)(de)，所(suo)(suo)謂各(ge)點電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)就是(shi)(shi)指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)元件上(shang)各(ge)個點對地的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)是(shi)(shi)不同的(de)(de)，而且是(shi)(shi)有一定(ding)大小要(yao)求，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流是(shi)(shi)從(cong)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)流向低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)，順電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流方(fang)向去測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣元件上(shang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)大小應(ying)符(fu)合這個規律，所(suo)(suo)以用(yong)萬(wan)用(yong)表(biao)去測(ce)量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)上(shang)有關點的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)符(fu)合規定(ding)值，就可判(pan)斷故障(zhang)所(suo)(suo)在點，然后再判(pan)斷是(shi)(shi)為(wei)何引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流值變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)，是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源不正確，還是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)有斷路(lu)，還是(shi)(shi)元件損壞造成(cheng)的(de)(de)。

　　4、短路法：

　　控制環節電路(lu)都是(shi)開(kai)關(guan)或(huo)繼電器(qi)，接觸器(qi)觸點組合而成。當懷疑某個(ge)或(huo)某些觸點有(you)故障(zhang)時(shi)，可(ke)以用(yong)(yong)(yong)導線(xian)(xian)把該觸點短(duan)(duan)接，此時(shi)通(tong)電若故障(zhang)消失，則(ze)證明判斷(duan)正確(que)，說明該電氣元(yuan)件已壞。但是(shi)要(yao)牢(lao)記，當發現(xian)故障(zhang)點作完(wan)試驗后應立即拆除短(duan)(duan)接線(xian)(xian)，不(bu)允許用(yong)(yong)(yong)短(duan)(duan)接線(xian)(xian)代替開(kai)關(guan)或(huo)開(kai)關(guan)觸點。短(duan)(duan)路(lu)法(fa)主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)來查找電氣邏輯關(guan)系電路(lu)的斷(duan)點，當然有(you)時(shi)測量電子電路(lu)故障(zhang)也可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)此法(fa)。下面介紹短(duan)(duan)路(lu)法(fa)查找門鎖電路(lu)故障(zhang)的方法(fa)。

　　在(zai)轎頂，用(yong)檢修(xiu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)動電(dian)梯(ti)運行，用(yong)檢修(xiu)速度運行到某一(yi)層(ceng)樓，打開(kai)自動門(men)(men)鎖防(fang)護盤，用(yong)短(duan)(duan)(duan)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)一(yi)端接(jie)(jie)01號線(xian)(xian)，另一(yi)端檢查(cha)(cha)觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)是否(fou)正常，當短(duan)(duan)(duan)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)碰(peng)(peng)B點(dian)(dian)(dian)C吸(xi)合(he)，而(er)碰(peng)(peng)A點(dian)(dian)(dian)C不(bu)吸(xi)合(he)，說(shuo)明該門(men)(men)層(ceng)鎖觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)了。松開(kai)短(duan)(duan)(duan)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)，修(xiu)復觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)或更換門(men)(men)鎖開(kai)關。但(dan)是采用(yong)短(duan)(duan)(duan)接(jie)(jie)法，只能(neng)查(cha)(cha)找“與”邏輯(ji)關系(xi)觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)斷(duan)(duan)點(dian)(dian)(dian)，而(er)不(bu)能(neng)查(cha)(cha)找繼電(dian)器線(xian)(xian)圈是否(fou)短(duan)(duan)(duan)接(jie)(jie)，否(fou)則(ze)會燒壞電(dian)源(yuan)。

　　5、斷路法：

　　控制電路(lu)還可能出現(xian)一些(xie)(xie)特殊故(gu)障，如電梯在沒有內選或外呼指示時就停層等(deng)。這(zhe)說明(ming)(ming)電路(lu)中某些(xie)(xie)觸(chu)點(dian)被短接(jie)了，查(cha)找這(zhe)類故(gu)障的辦(ban)法(fa)是(shi)斷(duan)路(lu)法(fa)，就是(shi)把懷疑產生故(gu)障的觸(chu)點(dian)斷(duan)開，如果故(gu)障消失(shi)了，說明(ming)(ming)判斷(duan)正確(que)。斷(duan)路(lu)法(fa)主(zhu)要用(yong)于(yu)“與”邏輯(ji)關系的故(gu)障點(dian)。

　　6、替代法：

　　根據(ju)上述方法，發現故障(zhang)(zhang)出(chu)于某點或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)某塊(kuai)(kuai)電(dian)路板(ban)(ban)，此時可(ke)把認(ren)(ren)為有問題的(de)(de)元(yuan)件或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)電(dian)路板(ban)(ban)取下，用(yong)新的(de)(de)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)確認(ren)(ren)無故障(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)元(yuan)件或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)電(dian)路板(ban)(ban)代替，如果(guo)故障(zhang)(zhang)消失則認(ren)(ren)為判斷正確。反(fan)之則需要(yao)繼續查找(zhao)，往往維(wei)修人員對(dui)易損(sun)的(de)(de)元(yuan)器件或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)電(dian)子板(ban)(ban)都備有備用(yong)件，一(yi)(yi)旦有故障(zhang)(zhang)馬(ma)上換上一(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)(kuai)就解決了(le)問題，故障(zhang)(zhang)件帶回來再慢慢查找(zhao)修復，這也是一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)快(kuai)速排故方法。

　　7、經驗排故法：

　　為(wei)了能夠做到(dao)迅速(su)(su)排故，除了不斷(duan)總結自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)，還(huan)要不斷(duan)學習別(bie)人的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)，實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)往往使電梯(ti)的(de)(de)(de)故障(zhang)(zhang)有一定規(gui)律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)總結，有的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)是用血汗(han)換來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要教訓，我(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)也更應重(zhong)視(shi)。往往這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)可以(yi)使我(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)去快速(su)(su)排除故障(zhang)(zhang)，減(jian)少事故和(he)(he)損(sun)失。當然嚴格(ge)來(lai)說應該杜(du)絕電梯(ti)事故，這(zhe)(zhe)是我(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)維(wei)修人員應有的(de)(de)(de)職責。這(zhe)(zhe)次我(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)編寫這(zhe)(zhe)本書就(jiu)是收集了國內(nei)外(wai)很多同(tong)行們(men)的(de)(de)(de)維(wei)修故障(zhang)(zhang)排除經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)，以(yi)提(ti)高(gao)我(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)公司的(de)(de)(de)安裝維(wei)修員工技術水平(ping)，同(tong)時提(ti)高(gao)公司的(de)(de)(de)服(fu)務水平(ping)和(he)(he)信譽度。

　　8、電氣(qi)系統排故基本思路：

　　電氣控(kong)制(zhi)系統有時(shi)故(gu)障比較復雜加上現(xian)在電梯都是微機控(kong)制(zhi)，軟硬件交(jiao)叉(cha)在一起，遇到故(gu)障首先(xian)思想(xiang)不要緊張，排故(gu)時(shi)堅持：先(xian)易后難、先(xian)外后內、綜(zong)合考慮、有所聯想(xiang)。

　　電(dian)梯運(yun)行中比較多的故(gu)障(zhang)是開關接(jie)點接(jie)觸不良引起的故(gu)障(zhang)，所以(yi)判(pan)斷故(gu)障(zhang)時應根據故(gu)障(zhang)及(ji)柜內(nei)指示(shi)燈顯示(shi)的情(qing)況，先對外部(bu)線路、電(dian)源(yuan)部(bu)分(fen)，進行檢查，即門(men)觸點、安(an)全(quan)回路、交直流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)等，只(zhi)要熟(shu)悉電(dian)路，順藤(teng)摸瓜很快即可解決。

　　有些故(gu)(gu)障不像繼電(dian)器線路(lu)那么簡(jian)單直(zhi)觀、PC電(dian)梯(ti)的許(xu)多保護(hu)環節都(dou)是(shi)隱含在它的軟硬件系(xi)統中，其故(gu)(gu)障和(he)原因正(zheng)如結果和(he)條件是(shi)嚴格對應的，找故(gu)(gu)障時有秩序(xu)地對他們之間的關系(xi)進(jin)行聯想和(he)猜測，逐(zhu)一排除(chu)疑點直(zhi)至排除(chu)故(gu)(gu)障。

　　9、測(ce)試接觸(chu)不良的(de)方(fang)法：

　　(1)在(zai)控制柜電源(yuan)進線板上，通常接有電壓表，觀(guan)察運(yun)行(xing)中的電壓，若(ruo)某項(xiang)電壓偏低且波(bo)動較(jiao)大，該項(xiang)可能就(jiu)有虛接部位。

　　(2)用點溫計測(ce)試每(mei)個連(lian)接處的溫度，找出發熱部位，打磨接觸面(mian)，擰(ning)緊螺絲釘。

　　(3)用低壓(ya)大電(dian)(dian)流測(ce)試虛接(jie)(jie)部位，將總電(dian)(dian)源斷(duan)開(kai)，再將進(jin)入(ru)控制柜的電(dian)(dian)源斷(duan)開(kai)，按圖1-2裝一(yi)套電(dian)(dian)流發(fa)生器，用10mm2銅芯(xin)電(dian)(dian)線臨時(shi)搭(da)接(jie)(jie)在接(jie)(jie)觸面(mian)的兩端，調壓(ya)器慢慢升壓(ya)，短(duan)路電(dian)(dian)流達(da)到50A時(shi)，記錄輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值。按上述方法對每(mei)一(yi)個(ge)連接(jie)(jie)處(chu)(chu)都(dou)測(ce)一(yi)次，記錄每(mei)個(ge)接(jie)(jie)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值，那一(yi)處(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高，就(jiu)是接(jie)(jie)觸不良(liang)。

　　(4)隨行軟(ruan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜內部折(zhe)斷(duan)虛接測試法(fa)。當懷疑(yi)某根電(dian)(dian)(dian)線中間(jian)有時通(tong)時斷(duan)現象，按圖1-2接線，短路電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)升至8A時，調壓器(qi)定位不動，連(lian)續折(zhe)合15次，每次接通(tong)時間(jian)2~3分(fen)，如果發現電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表不啟動，說明折(zhe)斷(duan)位置(zhi)已被測試電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)燒斷(duan)，若電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值不變(bian)，證明此線沒有折(zhe)斷(duan)。